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Few places in the world compress so much geography, history, and geopolitical peculiarity into so small an area as Gibraltar. The territory occupies a limestone promontory barely six and a half square kilometres in extent, jutting southward from the Iberian Peninsula into the strait that separates Europe from Africa. On a clear day, the Moroccan coastline is plainly visible across the water, a reminder that this is one of the most strategically significant passages on earth, a fact that has shaped Gibraltar's character for centuries.

The Rock itself is the dominant fact of life here. Rising to around 426 metres, it is visible from the Spanish city of La Línea de la Concepción to the north and from vessels far out in the strait. The Upper Rock Nature Reserve occupies much of the promontory and is home to the famous Barbary macaques, the only wild primates living in Europe outside of humans. The macaques are not a novelty act; they have been present on the Rock for centuries, and their continued presence is woven into local legend and British military tradition alike. The reserve also contains St Michael's Cave, a vast natural cavern whose stalactite formations have been drawing visitors since antiquity, and the Great Siege Tunnels, hand-hewn by British soldiers during the late eighteenth century to create gun emplacements that could cover the northern approaches.